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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

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In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs...
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Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure01:26

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Preoperative ManagementThe primary goals of preoperative management in kidney transplantation are to optimize the patient’s metabolic state and prepare them for surgery through diet adjustments, necessary dialysis, and tailored medical treatment. This phase also involves comprehensive infection screening and patient education about the surgical procedure and postoperative care to improve outcomes and adherence.Medical ManagementA comprehensive evaluation is required for both the living...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
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[Bladder tuberculosis stage 4: how to restore urination?].

D P Kholtobin, E V Kul'chavenia, V T Khomiakov

    Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999)
    |March 27, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Reconstructive surgery using ileum segments for advanced bladder tuberculosis (stage 4) achieved good results in 80.9% of patients. This procedure offers a viable option for severe bladder contracture.

    Area of Science:

    • Urology
    • Surgical Oncology
    • Infectious Diseases

    Context:

    • Bladder tuberculosis (TB) can lead to severe contracture, necessitating reconstructive surgery.
    • Stage 4 bladder TB is characterized by significantly reduced bladder capacity (≤100 ml) or reflux.
    • Reconstructive surgery aims to restore urinary function in patients with end-stage bladder disease due to TB.

    Purpose:

    • To evaluate the outcomes of reconstructive surgery for stage 4 contracted bladder due to tuberculosis.
    • To assess the efficacy and complications of ileum-segment neobladder formation using Studer, Nesbit, or Wallace techniques.
    • To identify criteria for surgical intervention in advanced bladder TB.

    Summary:

    • Twenty-one patients with stage 4 contracted bladder underwent cystectomy and ileum-segment neobladder reconstruction (Studer method) with ureteral-intestinal anastomosis (Nesbit or Wallace).

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  • Criteria for surgery included bladder capacity ≤100 ml or ≤150 ml with vesicoureteral reflux.
  • Good outcomes were achieved in 80.9% of patients, with satisfactory results in 14.2% and a poor outcome in 4.7% (attributed to HIV/antiretroviral therapy).

    • Impact:

    • This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ileum-segment neobladder reconstruction for severe bladder contracture caused by TB.
    • The findings support the Studer method with Nesbit or Wallace anastomosis as a reliable surgical approach.
    • Understanding complication rates and patient factors (like HIV) is crucial for managing outcomes in reconstructive bladder surgery for TB.