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Related Concept Videos

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

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Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
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Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

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The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
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Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Understanding and Treatment Strategies with the NEC-on-a-Chip Model
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Urine biomarkers for necrotizing enterocolitis.

Karl G Sylvester1, R Lawrence Moss

  • 1Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

Pediatric Surgery International
|March 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Identifying reliable biomarkers for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants is crucial. Urine biomarkers show promise for early detection and improved outcomes in high-risk neonates.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a major cause of illness and death in premature infants.
  • Current methods cannot reliably predict which infants will develop NEC or severe NEC requiring surgery.
  • Distinguishing NEC from sepsis-induced inflammation is clinically challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of urinary biomarkers for early detection of NEC in premature neonates.
  • To identify molecular indicators that can predict NEC development and severity.
  • To improve clinical decision-making for infants at risk of NEC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on NEC biomarkers.
  • Analysis of potential protein and peptide biomarkers in urine.

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  • Integration of biomarker data with clinical information.

    • Main Results:

    • Several potential NEC biomarkers have been investigated, but none have sufficient predictive value alone.
    • Urine is a promising source for non-invasive biomarker collection.
    • Preliminary studies suggest combined urinary biomarkers and clinical data are highly predictive in small patient cohorts.

    Conclusions:

    • Urinary biomarkers hold significant potential for improving NEC diagnosis and management in premature infants.
    • High-throughput molecular analysis may lead to clinically useful NEC biomarkers.
    • Further research is needed to validate these findings and integrate them into clinical practice.