Acquired ataxias: the clinical spectrum, diagnosis and management

Acquired ataxias represent a large group of disorders defined by the common clinical feature of ataxia and the absence of a clear genetic basis for it. Based on the aetiology, the group can be subdivided into autoimmune, toxic, infectious and vitamin deficiency causes. Cerebellar ataxia may occur as an isolated syndrome in this spectrum of disorders but is often accompanied by additional neurological manifestations. Clinical work-up is challenging and mainly includes biochemical analyses, whereas imaging is of minor significance. Diagnosis is essential as many of these disorders represent potential treatable conditions and early therapy may prevent progressive cerebellar ataxia. The clinical findings, the implications for diagnosis and management of this heterogeneous group of disorders are discussed in this review.