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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Medicine
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Camel brucellosis is prevalent globally, affecting Old World camels (OWCs) significantly.
    • Uncontrolled live animal trade contributes to the rising incidence of brucellosis in OWCs.
    • Brucella melitensis is the predominant cause of infection in OWCs, while New World Camels are rarely affected.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review current knowledge on camel brucellosis.
    • To highlight diagnostic challenges and advancements.
    • To discuss factors influencing disease prevalence.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of field investigations and experimental trials.
    • Analysis of laboratory testing data, including serological methods and bacterial culturing.
    • Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay development.

    Main Results:

    • Seroprevalence in East African countries can reach 40% at the herd level, influenced by management practices.
    • Co-housing camels with infected small ruminants increases brucellosis incidence.
    • Combined serological testing is necessary for comprehensive detection; culturing remains the gold standard, with PCR assays showing promise.

    Conclusions:

    • Camel brucellosis remains a significant concern, particularly in OWCs, necessitating improved control measures.
    • Integrated diagnostic approaches combining serology and molecular methods are crucial for accurate detection.
    • Understanding epidemiological factors, such as animal trade and co-habitation, is vital for disease management.