Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

2.5K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
2.5K
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

1.4K
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
1.4K
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

88.0K
Overview
88.0K
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

3.6K
Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency...
3.6K
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

721
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
721
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

8.5K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
8.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Study on clinical types of warts and its correlation with human papillomavirus genotypes.

Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS·2026
Same author

Expert Consensus on the Management of Hyperpigmentation Disorders in India: A Modified Delphi Study by the Pigmentary Disorders Society.

International journal of dermatology·2026
Same author

Chitosan-based hybrid composites for emerging organic micropollutants removal from wastewater: Recent advancement, mechanism, up-scaling, and challenges.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2026
Same author

Patch testing in India: Are we missing clinically relevant allergens?

Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology·2026
Same author

Neuroprotective effects of Vitamin D3 supplementation combination with valproate and perampanel in an experimental model using status epilepticus induction.

Indian journal of pharmacology·2026
Same author

Oral Tofacitinib for Refractory Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Coexisting with Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia.

Indian dermatology online journal·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Dermatopathology and the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
04:25

Author Spotlight: Dermatopathology and the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Published on: November 8, 2024

2.6K

Immunomodulators in warts: Unexplored or ineffective?

Surabhi Sinha1, Vineet Relhan2, Vijay K Garg2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital and PGIMER, New Delhi, India.

Indian Journal of Dermatology
|March 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Immunotherapy offers a promising approach for treating resistant cutaneous warts by enhancing the immune response. This review examines various immunomodulators, highlighting their potential for wart resolution without scarring and reduced recurrence.

Keywords:
Cimetidineimiquimodimmunomodulatorlevamisoleresistantwarts

More Related Videos

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
12:42

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

10.4K
Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
09:15

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

Published on: February 24, 2023

4.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Dermatopathology and the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
04:25

Author Spotlight: Dermatopathology and the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Published on: November 8, 2024

2.6K
Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
12:42

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

10.4K
Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
09:15

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

Published on: February 24, 2023

4.2K

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Cutaneous warts are frequently recurrent and resistant to conventional destructive therapies.
  • Resistance may indicate a localized or systemic cell-mediated immune deficiency to human papillomavirus (HPV).
  • Existing treatments like cryotherapy and laser removal can cause scarring, while topical agents risk site reactions and recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review immunomodulatory agents used in treating cutaneous warts.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different immunotherapy approaches.
  • To discuss the potential of immunotherapy for achieving complete wart resolution and preventing recurrence.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on immunomodulators for wart treatment.
  • Analysis of systemic, intralesional, intradermal, and topical administration routes.
  • Examination of established agents (e.g., cimetidine, interferons) and emerging therapies (e.g., Echinacea, green tea catechins, HPV vaccine).

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy aims for wart resolution without scarring and enhanced host response.
  • Established agents like cimetidine and interferons have shown varying degrees of efficacy.
  • Newer agents require further large-scale, randomized, placebo-controlled trials to confirm effectiveness.
  • Some agents, like levamisole, are effective only in combination therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy presents a viable alternative to destructive treatments for recalcitrant warts.
  • Further research, particularly robust clinical trials, is essential to establish the efficacy of novel immunomodulators.
  • Harnessing the immune system offers a pathway to improved wart management with reduced side effects and recurrence rates.