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Related Concept Videos

Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Author Spotlight: Comparing Alveolar and Long Bone Remodeling to Explore OTM Model Potential
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Structural orientation dependent sub-lamellar bone mechanics.

Ines Jimenez-Palomar1, Anna Shipov2, Ron Shahar2

  • 1Department of Materials, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|March 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone

Keywords:
AFMBoneFIBMicromechanics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Mechanobiology
  • Orthopedic Research

Background:

  • The lamellar unit is fundamental to bone's mechanical integrity.
  • Understanding the mechanical properties at the lamellar level is crucial for bone health and disease research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly measure the mechanical properties of individual bone lamellar units.
  • To correlate these properties with collagen fibril orientation within the lamellar unit.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of bone micro-beams using focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy.
  • Mechanical testing of micro-beams in bending to failure using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
  • Analysis of collagen fibril orientation using back-scattered scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Main Results:

  • Observed significant variations in elastic modulus, strength, and work to fracture among micro-beams.
  • Established a direct correlation between collagen fibril orientation and measured mechanical properties.
  • Applied mechanical models to describe the relationship between structure and mechanical behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Direct measurement of mechanical properties at the lamellar unit scale is feasible.
  • Collagen fibril orientation is a key determinant of mechanical behavior at the micro-scale.
  • Findings provide insights into bone's anisotropic mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms.