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Education and Psychological Distress of Older Chinese: Exploring the Longitudinal Relationship and Its Subgroup
Wei Zhang1, Huashuai Chen2, Qiushi Feng3
1University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA weizhang@hawaii.edu.
Objective:
The goal of this study is to examine whether and how education predicts distress for older Chinese and whether this association varies by age, gender, and rural/urban residence.
Method:
The random-effect panel model and Heckman selection model were used to analyze four waves of data with a total sample size of 54,405 from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey.
Results:
We found the following: (a) There is a persistent and negative association between education and distress among older Chinese; (b) education predicts lower levels of distress over time and this is particularly true for males, urban residents, and the young-old; and (c) the effect of education on distress is largely explained by physical health, economic conditions, and a three-dimensional framework of leisure-time activities.
Discussion:
Our findings strengthen the external validity of the relationship between education and health and suggest the dynamic patterns on the subgroup variations within the association in China.
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