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Fetal Circulation

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure

Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure

Accurate blood pressure assessment is crucial for diagnosing and managing various health conditions. To ensure the reliability of these measurements, healthcare professionals must adhere to standardized pre-procedural guidelines. These guidelines enhance patient safety and improve the overall quality of healthcare. The following steps are essential for obtaining accurate and consistent blood pressure readings, from using the appropriate tools to ensuring effective communication with the...

Assessing Blood pressure using a doppler ultrasound

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To obtain accurate blood pressure measurements in clinical settings, especially when traditional methods are insufficient, healthcare professionals utilize the Doppler ultrasound technique. This method uses high-frequency sound waves to detect blood flow within the arteries, which is crucial for patients with conditions that complicate circulatory system assessment.
Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Doppler Ultrasound Blood Pressure Assessment:
Preparation of Equipment:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

Published on: August 15, 2018

Using physiology to guide time to cord clamping.

Martin Kluckow¹, Stuart B Hooper²

¹University of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine

|March 31, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Deferred umbilical cord clamping (UCC) offers significant hemodynamic benefits for newborns compared to immediate clamping. This approach aligns better with the physiological transition of circulation after birth, supporting infant health.

Keywords:

Circulatory transition Hemodynamics Superior vena cava flow Umbilical cord clamping

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Last Updated: Apr 15, 2026

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Area of Science:

Neonatal physiology
Perinatal care
Circulatory transition

Background:

Immediate umbilical cord clamping (UCC) has been standard practice for decades.
Current clamping times lack a strong physiological rationale related to circulatory transition.
Existing practices may not optimize neonatal hemodynamic adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the physiological rationale for umbilical cord clamping (UCC) timing.
To evaluate the hemodynamic benefits of deferred UCC compared to early clamping.
To discuss the need for physiologically based UCC timing.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of early versus deferred umbilical cord clamping (UCC).
Analysis of hemodynamic outcomes in neonates.
Examination of physiological mechanisms underlying cord clamping effects.

Main Results:

Deferred UCC demonstrates significant hemodynamic benefits for newborns.
The traditional placental transfusion concept is being updated by a model of ordered physiological transition.
Timing UCC to the establishment of respiration is supported by newer physiological models.

Conclusions:

Deferred umbilical cord clamping (UCC) offers advantages over immediate clamping.
Physiologically based UCC timing, related to respiration, is recommended.
A shift from arbitrary to evidence-based UCC timing is necessary for optimal neonatal outcomes.