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Counterfactual thinking is a cognitive process wherein individuals mentally reconstruct alternative versions of past events, often beginning with “what if” or “if only.” This reflective mechanism plays a significant role in shaping emotional experiences and guiding future behavior. Though typically triggered by unfavorable or unexpected outcomes, counterfactual thinking can also emerge in mundane, everyday decisions and experiences, revealing its deep entrenchment in...
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Closed-loop cognition: the next frontier arrives.

Jyoti Mishra1, Adam Gazzaley2

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study used real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback to train attention. The frontoparietal attention network was key to the observed behavioral improvements.

Keywords:
attentionclosed-loopneurofeedbackreal-time fMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Attention is a critical cognitive function.
  • Understanding the neural basis of attention is crucial for developing effective interventions.
  • Current methods for training attention have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of a closed-loop neurofeedback system for attention training.
  • To identify the brain networks involved in neurofeedback-driven attention improvements.
  • To explore the relationship between neural activity and behavioral changes in attention.

Main Methods:

  • A closed-loop neurofeedback system was implemented.
  • Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to monitor whole-brain attention status.
  • Offline analyses were conducted to examine the neural correlates of attention.

Main Results:

  • The neurofeedback approach successfully trained attention.
  • Information processing within the frontoparietal attention network was most relevant for behavioral improvements.
  • Real-time fMRI provided valuable insights into attention dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Closed-loop neurofeedback using real-time fMRI is a promising method for attention training.
  • The frontoparietal attention network plays a crucial role in attention regulation and training.
  • This approach has potential applications in clinical and educational settings for enhancing cognitive function.