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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Establishment of a Robust and Reproducible Model of Radiation-Induced Skin and Muscle Fibrosis
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Radiation takes its Toll.

Josephine A Ratikan1, Ewa D Micewicz1, Michael W Xie1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA.

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|March 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The immune system uses Toll-like receptors to detect danger signals from microbes and damaged cells. This review explores how radiation damage interacts with these receptors, influencing inflammation and immunity.

Keywords:
InflammationRadiationReactive oxygen speciesRedoxToll-like receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Radiation Biology

Background:

  • The immune system recognizes molecular patterns on microbes and self-damaged cells to initiate protective responses.
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial pattern recognition receptors that trigger innate immune signaling.
  • These signals bridge innate immunity to adaptive immunity, influencing outcomes from healing to chronic inflammation and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of how radiation-damaged cells interact with Toll-like receptors.
  • To explore how the immune system interprets radiation-induced danger signals.
  • To discuss these interactions in the context of whole-body and local tumor irradiation.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research.
  • It focuses on the molecular mechanisms of pattern recognition and immune signaling.
  • The review discusses cellular and systemic responses to radiation-induced danger signals.

Main Results:

  • Radiation damage can trigger danger signals that activate Toll-like receptors, mimicking microbial patterns.
  • These activated TLRs initiate pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory cascades.
  • The interpretation of these signals influences the balance between inflammation resolution, repair, and pathological conditions like autoimmunity and carcinogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Redox balance is central to the decision-making process following radiation exposure.
  • Understanding TLRs' role in interpreting radiation damage is key to modulating immune responses.
  • This knowledge is critical for managing outcomes of radiation exposure, including therapeutic applications in tumor irradiation.