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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
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Related Experiment Video

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Measurement of γHV68 Infection in Mice
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[Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia: the author's observation].

A I Parfenov1, L M Krums1, O V Akhmadullina1

  • 1Moscow Clinical Research and Practical Center, Moscow Healthcare Department.

Terapevticheskii Arkhiv
|April 1, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia (CVHGG) can present with recurrent infections and gastrointestinal issues. This case highlights the diagnostic importance of immunoglobulin levels and small intestinal findings, with bacterial overgrowth playing a key role.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia (CVHGG) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by low immunoglobulin levels and impaired B-cell differentiation.
  • Patients often experience recurrent sinopulmonary infections and gastrointestinal dysmotility.
  • The diagnosis relies on demonstrating low serum IgG, IgA, and/or IgM levels, with poor response to vaccination.

Observation:

  • The patient presented with recurrent inflammatory airway diseases, pansinusitis, and intermittent fevers.
  • Diagnostic workup revealed decreased serum concentrations of immunoglobulins (IG) A, M, and G.
  • Small intestinal (SI) biopsy showed enlarged lymphoid follicles and a notable absence of plasma cells in the lamina propria, a hallmark of CVHGG.

Findings:

  • Excessive bacterial growth was identified as a significant factor in the patient's chronic diarrhea and fever.
  • Antibacterial therapy demonstrated a positive clinical response, supporting its role in managing these manifestations.
  • The case underscores the complex interplay between immune deficiency, gut microbiome, and clinical symptoms in CVHGG.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach for CVHGG, integrating immunological, endoscopic, and histopathological findings.
  • Effective management of CVHGG may involve addressing bacterial overgrowth to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms and reduce systemic inflammation.
  • Further research into the gut-lung axis in primary immunodeficiencies could offer novel therapeutic strategies.