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Effects of age on cognitive control during semantic categorization.

Raksha A Mudar1, Hsueh-Sheng Chiang2, Mandy J Maguire2

  • 1Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 901 South Sixth Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; Center for BrainHealth, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2200 West Mockingbird Lane, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.

Behavioural Brain Research
|April 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Older adults show distinct neural processing for cognitive control during semantic categorization compared to younger adults. Age impacts early-stage neural responses, particularly in older individuals, affecting how they process different levels of information.

Keywords:
AgingCategorizationCognitive controlEvent-related potentialsSemantic

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuropsychology
  • Human Aging Research

Background:

  • Cognitive control, essential for goal-directed behavior, undergoes age-related changes.
  • Categorization tasks, varying in perceptual and semantic complexity, provide a framework to study cognitive control.
  • Event-related potentials (ERPs) offer high temporal resolution to investigate neural dynamics during cognitive tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in cognitive control during basic-level (perceptual) versus superordinate-level (perceptual-semantic) categorization.
  • To examine how different levels of categorization influence neural processing (ERPs) associated with cognitive control in younger and older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Employed the go/nogo paradigm with two visual tasks: single-car (SiC) for basic-level and object-animal (ObA) for superordinate-level categorization.
  • Recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from 22 younger and 22 older adults during task performance.
  • Analyzed behavioral data (response time, accuracy) and ERP components (N2, P3) related to go and nogo trials.

Main Results:

  • Older adults exhibited reduced nogo-N2 and nogo-P3 amplitudes compared to younger adults; go-related amplitudes were similar.
  • Both groups showed performance decrements (longer RT, lower accuracy) and P3 changes (longer latency, lower amplitude) in the ObA task versus SiC.
  • N2 latency differed between age groups, with older adults showing longer N2 latency in ObA vs. SiC, unlike younger adults.

Conclusions:

  • Age differentially affects neural processing underlying cognitive control, particularly during semantic categorization.
  • In older adults, categorization level modulates neural processing of cognitive control even at early stages (N2 latency), unlike in younger adults.
  • Findings highlight age-related alterations in the neural mechanisms supporting cognitive control across different levels of information processing.