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Continental crust beneath southeast Iceland.

Trond H Torsvik1, Hans E F Amundsen2, Reidar G Trønnes3

  • 1Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway; Geological Survey of Norway, Geodynamics, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; School of Geosciences, University of Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa; t.h.torsvik@geo.uio.no.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Iceland

Keywords:
continental crustgeochemistrygeologyplate reconstructionsplumes

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Geophysics
  • Plate Tectonics

Background:

  • Iceland's magmatic activity is linked to a deep mantle plume active for 62 million years.
  • Icelandic and Atlantic basalts show two enriched components: recycled oceanic crust and subcontinental lithospheric mantle.
  • Öræfajökull volcano in SE Iceland has a unique enriched-mantle component (EM2-like) with high Sr and Pb isotopes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the origin of the unique enriched-mantle component in SE Iceland.
  • To investigate the role of assimilated continental crust in Öræfajökull's magmas.
  • To determine the geological origin and tectonic history of continental crust beneath SE Iceland.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling of strontium (Sr), neodymium (Nd), and lead (Pb) isotope abundances and ratios.
  • Inversion of gravity anomaly data to determine crustal thickness.
  • Analysis of regional magnetic data and plate reconstructions.

Main Results:

  • Primitive Öræfajökull melts assimilated 2-6% of underlying continental crust.
  • Continental crust beneath SE Iceland is an extension of the Jan Mayen Microcontinent (JMM).
  • The extended JMM detached from East Greenland in the Early Eocene and became part of the Eurasian plate by the Oligocene.

Conclusions:

  • The EM2-like signature in SE Iceland is attributed to assimilation of continental crust from the extended Jan Mayen Microcontinent.
  • The detachment and tectonic history of the JMM explain the presence of continental crust beneath Iceland.
  • This study refines our understanding of Iceland's petrogenesis and the complex tectonic evolution of the North Atlantic.