Dietary components and uterine leiomyomas: a review of published data

Some studies have considered the association between diet and uterine fibroid risk, but the issue is largely unsettled. To identify potential modifiable risk factors for fibroid development, we have herein systematically reviewed prior publications dealing with this aspect. Comprehensive searches in electronic databases were conducted to collect studies published on association between uterine leiomyomas and both nutrients and food groups. We identified 13 publications deriving from 4 case-control, 3 cross-sectional, and 4 cohort studies. A protective effect has been demonstrated for consumption of fruits and green vegetables in both case-control and cohort studies. Moreover, very recent cross-sectional and case-control studies evaluating serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 tend to indicate that vitamin D insufficiency, which may in part be due to the diet intake, may play an important role in the development of uterine fibroids. No association was found with the intake of fibers, vitamin C and E, phytoestrogens and carotenoids, whereas association was controversial for the consumption of meat, fish, dairy products, and vitamin A. Most data have also been discussed herein in light of the available experimental and animal model results. These findings may be useful in devising nutritional strategies to reduce leiomyoma risk in humans.