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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

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Uveal melanoma: estimating prognosis.

Swathi Kaliki1, Carol L Shields, Jerry A Shields

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Uveal melanoma, a common eye cancer, has excellent local control but high mortality due to metastasis. Prognosis is predicted by clinical, histopathological, and genetic factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Uveal melanoma is the most frequent primary ocular malignancy in adults.
  • While local tumor control is effective, metastasis leads to significant mortality.
  • Prognostic indicators are crucial for patient management and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the various prognostic factors influencing uveal melanoma outcomes.
  • To consolidate information on clinical, histopathological, cytogenetic, and gene expression features associated with prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed.
  • Keywords included "uvea," "iris," "ciliary body," "choroid," "melanoma," "uveal melanoma," "prognosis," "metastasis," "genetic testing," and "gene expression profiling."
  • Relevant English-language articles were extracted, reviewed, and referenced.

Main Results:

  • Clinical factors like older age, male gender, larger tumor size, ciliary body location, and advanced stage predict poor prognosis.
  • Histopathological indicators include epithelioid cells, high mitotic activity, specific nucleoli/vascularity patterns, and immune cell infiltration.
  • Genetic factors such as monosomy 3, 1p/6q loss, 8q gain, and Class II gene expression are associated with adverse outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • A combination of clinical, histopathological, and genetic factors accurately predicts uveal melanoma prognosis.
  • Understanding these factors is vital for risk stratification and guiding therapeutic decisions.
  • Further research into these prognostic markers can improve patient survival rates.