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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
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Thoracentesis(Thoracocentesis), commonly known as pleural tap, is a medical procedure where a 22 gauge needle is inserted into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or treat various respiratory disorders.
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Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
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External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

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External cephalic version for breech presentation at term.

G Justus Hofmeyr1, Regina Kulier, Helen M West

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, East London Hospital Complex, University of the Witwatersrand, University of Fort Hare, Eastern Cape Department of Health, Frere and Cecilia Makiwane Hospitals, Private Bag X 9047, East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa, 5200.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|April 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

External cephalic version (ECV) significantly reduces breech presentations at birth, leading to fewer cesarean sections. While complications are rare, more research is needed to fully assess risks associated with ECV.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Management of breech presentation is debated, with external cephalic version (ECV) offering potential benefits but also reported complications.
  • ECV aims to reduce breech presentations and cesarean sections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effects of ECV near term on pregnancy outcomes.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of ECV for breech presentation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Trials Register.
  • Included eight RCTs involving 1308 women comparing ECV with no ECV attempt for breech presentation.

Main Results:

  • ECV significantly reduced non-cephalic presentation at birth (RR 0.42) and cesarean sections (RR 0.57).
  • No significant differences were observed in Apgar scores, umbilical cord pH, neonatal admissions, or perinatal death.
  • Evidence quality was graded as low or very low due to trial limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Attempting ECV at term decreases the likelihood of non-cephalic presentation, failure to achieve vaginal cephalic birth, and cesarean delivery.
  • Evidence from RCTs is insufficient to fully assess ECV complications, though observational data suggest they are infrequent.