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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Thyroid function in pregnancy: what is normal?

Marco Medici1, Tim I M Korevaar2, W Edward Visser2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. m.medici@erasmusmc.nl.

Clinical Chemistry
|April 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid function reference intervals during pregnancy vary significantly between populations due to assay and demographic factors. Using accurate, institution-specific reference intervals is crucial for maternal and child health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Gestational thyroid dysfunction poses risks to maternal and child health.
  • Pregnancy alters thyroid physiology, necessitating distinct reference intervals for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4).
  • Current guidelines recommend assay- and trimester-specific intervals, but fixed intervals are often used in practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on pregnancy-specific thyroid function reference intervals.
  • To identify factors influencing these reference intervals.
  • To highlight complications linked to thyroid function variations during pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on thyroid function reference intervals in pregnant populations.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to variations in reference intervals.
  • Examination of associations between thyroid function and maternal/fetal outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Significant variations exist in thyroid function reference intervals across different pregnant populations.
  • Assay methods and population-specific factors like ethnicity and BMI contribute to these differences.
  • Even minor subclinical thyroid function variations are linked to adverse outcomes such as low birth weight and pregnancy loss.

Conclusions:

  • Fixed, universal reference intervals for thyroid function during pregnancy are inadequate.
  • Institutions must calculate and utilize their own pregnancy-specific reference intervals.
  • Accurate reference intervals are vital for preventing adverse maternal and child health outcomes.