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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting
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Racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding.

Katherine M Jones1, Michael L Power, John T Queenan

  • 11 Department of Research, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists , Washington, D.C.

Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official Journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Racial and ethnic minority women face significant barriers to breastfeeding, resulting in lower rates compared to white women. Increased support and interventions are crucial to improve breastfeeding initiation and duration for these populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Maternal and Child Health
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • Racial and ethnic minority women experience lower breastfeeding rates and practices than white women in the United States.
  • These disparities indicate that minority women are not meeting established public health goals for breastfeeding.
  • Numerous barriers hinder breastfeeding initiation and continuation among minority women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding.
  • To identify and address barriers to breastfeeding faced by minority women.
  • To systematically review breastfeeding interventions and provide recommendations for obstetrician-gynecologists to improve rates among minority women.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of racial and ethnic disparities in breastfeeding rates and barriers.
  • Systematic review of breastfeeding interventions targeting minority women.
  • Searches conducted on PubMed and MEDLINE databases.

Main Results:

  • Minority women continue to exhibit lower breastfeeding rates compared to white women.
  • Reported barriers significantly impact breastfeeding practices among minority women.
  • Current rates fall short of Healthy People 2020 objectives.

Conclusions:

  • Substantial efforts are required to enhance breastfeeding initiation and duration among minority women.
  • Obstetrician-gynecologists can play a pivotal role in promoting breastfeeding through clinical practice and policy advocacy.
  • Interventions by healthcare providers can positively influence maternal and child health outcomes.