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Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...
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Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
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Toward integrated electrically controllable directional coupling based on dielectric loaded graphene plasmonic

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    This study introduces an electrically tunable plasmonic waveguide directional coupler using graphene. It functions as an optical switch or 3-dB splitter in the mid-infrared, enabling compact device integration.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Nanophotonics
    • Optoelectronics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Plasmonic waveguides offer sub-wavelength light confinement.
    • Graphene's tunable conductivity is ideal for active photonic devices.
    • Directional couplers are fundamental components in integrated optics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and analyze a mid-infrared electrically controllable plasmonic waveguide directional coupler.
    • To demonstrate tunable coupling and switching functionalities.
    • To highlight the device's sub-wavelength scale for high-density integration.

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical analysis of a directional coupler comprising dielectric loaded graphene plasmonic waveguides and S-shaped bends.
    • Investigation of power coupling by varying the Fermi energy level of graphene.
    • Simulation of device performance at a wavelength of 10.5 μm.

    Main Results:

    • Effective electrical tuning of maximum power coupling and coupling length by adjusting graphene's Fermi energy level.
    • Demonstration of the device acting as an electrically controlled optical switch or a 3-dB splitter.
    • Achieved sub-wavelength dimensions for the entire device.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed graphene-based directional coupler provides efficient electrical control over optical signals in the mid-infrared.
    • The device's tunable nature and compact size are advantageous for integrated photonic circuits.
    • This work contributes to the development of advanced optical switches and splitters.