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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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X-ray diffraction: instrumentation and applications.

Andrei A Bunaciu1, Elena Gabriela Udriştioiu, Hassan Y Aboul-Enein

  • 1a SCIENT by CROMATEC_PLUS SRL, Research Center for Instrumental Analysis , Bucharest , Romania.

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry
|April 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful technique for analyzing crystalline materials. Recent advancements have expanded its applications in pharmaceuticals, forensics, geology, microelectronics, glass manufacturing, and corrosion analysis.

Keywords:
X-ray diffractionapplicationstheory

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry, Crystallography

Background:

  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a key non-destructive method for crystalline material characterization.
  • XRD reveals structural parameters like phases, preferred orientations (texture), grain size, crystallinity, strain, and defects.
  • The technique relies on constructive interference of X-rays scattered by lattice planes, producing a unique diffraction pattern for each material.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review scientific trends in X-ray diffraction (XRD) over the last five years.
  • To highlight the evolving applications of XRD across diverse scientific and industrial fields.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on recent advancements in X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques.
  • Analysis of trends in specific application areas: pharmaceuticals, forensic science, geological applications, microelectronics, glass manufacturing, and corrosion analysis.

Main Results:

  • Significant scientific progress in XRD methodology and data analysis.
  • Expansion of XRD applications into critical industrial and scientific sectors.
  • Demonstrated utility of XRD in detailed material structure and phase identification.

Conclusions:

  • X-ray diffraction (XRD) continues to be a vital tool with rapidly advancing capabilities.
  • The technique's versatility supports innovation and problem-solving across multiple disciplines.
  • Ongoing research promises further enhancements in XRD's analytical power and scope.