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Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

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The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.
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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Human development is typically examined across three main domains: physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional. These domains represent the significant areas of change and continuity throughout the lifespan, from infancy to late adulthood.
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Sensory development.

Melinda B Clark-Gambelunghe1, David A Clark1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Albany Medical Center, MC88, 43 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.

Pediatric Clinics of North America
|April 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sensory development involves physical and neural aspects, starting before birth and maturing post-birth. This review covers vision, hearing, smell, and taste, including their development and malformations.

Keywords:
HearingNeonateOral developmentSensorySmellTasteVision

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Audiology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Sensory development is a complex process with both structural and neural elements.
  • It begins in fetal life with initial structure formation and in-utero sensory stimulation.
  • Environmental factors post-birth significantly influence sensory organ maturation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of cranial sensory development.
  • To discuss the embryogenesis, genetic, and environmental influences on sensory function.
  • To examine common malformations affecting vision, hearing, smell, and taste.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sensory development.
  • Examination of embryological origins of sensory organs.
  • Analysis of genetic and environmental factors impacting sensory systems.
  • Discussion of congenital malformations affecting cranial senses.

Main Results:

  • Vision and hearing are critical for learning and are the most studied senses.
  • Sensory development continues for several months after birth.
  • Malformations can significantly impact sensory organ development and function.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding sensory development is crucial for identifying and managing developmental disorders.
  • The interplay between genetics and environment shapes sensory outcomes.
  • Further research into sensory malformations can improve clinical interventions.