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256 × 2 SPAD line sensor for time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.

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    This study introduces a new CMOS single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) line sensor for time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES). It enables rapid fluorescence lifetime measurements with high timing resolution, advancing spectroscopic analysis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Spectroscopy
    • Integrated Circuit Design
    • Biomedical Optics

    Background:

    • Time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES) is crucial for analyzing molecular dynamics.
    • Existing methods often face limitations in speed and parallelization.
    • Advancements in single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) technology offer potential for improved TRES.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and characterize a novel CMOS SPAD line sensor for TRES.
    • To enable on-chip fluorescence lifetime pre-calculation using integrated time-to-digital converters (TDCs).
    • To demonstrate the sensor's capability in acquiring time-resolved fluorescence spectra.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and fabrication of a 256x2 SPAD line sensor with 23.78 µm pitch.
    • Integration of TDCs for on-chip fluorescence lifetime pre-calculation via center-of-mass method (CMM).
    • Characterization using fluorophores, multicolor microspheres, and skin autofluorescence; performance metrics include dark count rate and instrument response function.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved 40 ps timing resolution using CMM and 320 ps bin resolution for time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) histograms.
    • Demonstrated rapid spectral lifetime signature acquisition (2 ms for cuvette, 200 ms for skin autofluorescence) in CMM mode.
    • Successfully acquired time-resolved spectra of microspheres and skin autofluorescence.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed CMOS SPAD line sensor is a versatile tool for time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.
    • On-chip processing capabilities significantly enhance measurement speed and efficiency.
    • The sensor enables parallelized and flexible spectral detection of fluorescence decay.