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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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High energy transmission annular beam X-ray diffraction.

Anthony Dicken, Alex Shevchuk, Keith Rogers

    Optics Express
    |April 4, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a new X-ray technique for material phase retrieval using annular beams. The method enables detailed analysis of polycrystalline materials for applications in security and medicine.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Crystallography
    • X-ray Physics

    Background:

    • Material phase retrieval is crucial for understanding material properties.
    • Traditional methods can be limited in penetrating power and sample requirements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel material phase retrieval technique using high-energy X-rays.
    • To analyze polycrystalline materials with varying crystallographic structures.

    Main Methods:

    • Linear translation of polycrystalline samples along the symmetry axis of an annular X-ray beam.
    • Recording pseudo-monochromatic diffraction images from the beam's dark region.
    • Measuring Bragg maxima as bright spots in X-ray diffraction intensity.

    Main Results:

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    • Successfully retrieved material phase information from different annular gauge volumes.
    • Presented experimental data from materials with near-ideal, large grain size, and preferred orientation structures.
    • Observed bright spots corresponding to Bragg maxima in diffraction intensity.

    Conclusions:

    • The demonstrated X-ray technique shows significant promise for analytical inspection.
    • The method is suitable for tasks requiring highly penetrating radiation, including security screening, medicine, and non-destructive testing.