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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor
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Upper extremity function: What's posture got to do with it?

Regina Harbourne1, Kathi Kamm2

  • 1Department of Physical Therapy, John G. Rangos School of Health Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Journal of Hand Therapy : Official Journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists
|April 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Developing postural control and upper extremity function are tightly linked. Updated clinical principles emphasize movement science, integrating posture and arm skills for better therapeutic exercise outcomes.

Keywords:
DevelopmentalPostural controlReachingSystems approachTherapeutic intervention

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Area of Science:

  • Movement Science
  • Clinical Practice
  • Rehabilitation Research

Background:

  • Traditional therapeutic exercise often separated postural control and upper extremity (UE) function.
  • Historical approaches viewed posture as a prerequisite for UE skill development.
  • Limited integration of motor learning and developmental principles in past practices.

Observation:

  • Current movement science indicates a dynamic, interdependent relationship between posture and UE function.
  • Developmental and real-time interactions highlight the inseparability of these systems.
  • Clinical examples demonstrate the impact of variability, errors, and task-specific practice.

Findings:

  • Postural control and UE function develop and operate in concert, not isolation.
  • Principles derived from motor learning, development, and control research offer updated clinical guidance.
  • Key elements include embracing movement variability, learning from errors, and task-specific practice.

Implications:

  • Clinical practice should integrate postural and UE interventions, reflecting their inherent connection.
  • Updated principles enhance therapeutic exercise by considering the dynamic interplay of body systems.
  • This perspective shifts from a sequential approach to a holistic, integrated model for rehabilitation.