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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Configurational entropy in thermoset polymers.

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A new differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method determines configurational entropy in amorphous materials by measuring glass transition temperature. This approach overcomes limitations of existing methods for materials with high crystallization barriers.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Configurational entropy is crucial for material properties, but its measurement is challenging for amorphous materials with high crystallization barriers.
  • Existing methods often rely on calorimetric or dielectric measurements, which are not universally applicable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method for determining configurational entropy in amorphous materials.
  • To provide a universally applicable method based on glass transition temperature measurements.

Main Methods:

  • A new DSC method was developed, utilizing the measurement of glass transition temperature at various heating rates.
  • The method's theoretical framework is based on the universal behavior of amorphous materials concerning their glass transition temperature.

Main Results:

  • The temperature dependency of configurational entropy was successfully determined for epoxy resins and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
  • The study demonstrated the versatility and applicability of the novel DSC method across different amorphous materials.

Conclusions:

  • The introduced DSC method offers a viable alternative for quantifying configurational entropy, especially in materials with high crystallization barriers.
  • The findings enable discussion on how cross-linking degree and chemical structure influence configurational entropy in polymer networks.