Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

3.4K
Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
3.4K
Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

815
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
815
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

2.7K
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
2.7K
Understanding Sleep01:11

Understanding Sleep

1.9K
Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
The circadian rhythm, a nearly 24-hour cycle, is deeply influenced by environmental light cues. Light exposure directly affects the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates...
1.9K
Management of Insomnia01:19

Management of Insomnia

801
The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
801
Nightmares and Night Terrors01:18

Nightmares and Night Terrors

924
Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
Nightmares...
924

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

PANDA pediatric arousal neural detection architecture.

NPJ digital medicine·2026
Same author

Antibodies against influenza A/H1N1pdm2009 and B/Victoria strains but not A/H3N2 are increased in recent onset type 1 narcolepsy versus matched controls.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Redefining hypersomnia disorders in the context of psychiatry.

L'Encephale·2026
Same author

To diagnose Narcolepsy type 1 after a negative Multiple Sleep Latency Test: the contribution of systematic hypocretin measurement.

Sleep·2026
Same author

A Two-Stage Questionnaire and Actigraphy Screening for iRBD in a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology·2026
Same author

The Brain Imaging and Neurophysiology Dataset of large-scale multimodal neural data.

Scientific data·2026
Same journal

Chronic intermittent hypoxia impairs glymphatic function in male mice through ENT-dependent adenosine dysregulation.

Sleep·2026
Same journal

Changes in patient-reported outcomes and objective assessments based on baseline symptom severity in SURMOUNT-OSA: Post-hoc analyses.

Sleep·2026
Same journal

Nocturnal Features and Daytime Characteristics in Narcolepsy: Reliability and Diagnostic Relevance for NT1 vs NT2.

Sleep·2026
Same journal

A reality check for mHealth sleep apps: bridging the empirical void in digital sleep health.

Sleep·2026
Same journal

Sleep, circadian, and mental health in neurodivergent neurotypes: Lived experience perspective on the research landscape and roadmaps.

Sleep·2026
Same journal

Nighttime light exposure is associated with metabolic dysfunction in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional analysis of the LENS study.

Sleep·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

10.7K

Nocturnal Sleep Dynamics Identify Narcolepsy Type 1.

Fabio Pizza1,2, Stefano Vandi1,2, Martina Iloti1

  • 1Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Sleep
|April 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nocturnal sleep dynamics, including sleep onset rapid eye movement periods (SOREMPs) and sleep stage transitions, reliably differentiate narcolepsy type 1 from other hypersomnolence disorders. These findings aid in diagnosing central disorders of hypersomnolence.

Keywords:
narcolepsypolysomnographysleep macrostructuresleep stage transitions

More Related Videos

Through-the-Wall Blood Sampling Method to Minimize Sleep Disruption in Clinical Settings
06:39

Through-the-Wall Blood Sampling Method to Minimize Sleep Disruption in Clinical Settings

Published on: June 13, 2025

620
Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice
08:45

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Published on: January 25, 2016

25.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

10.7K
Through-the-Wall Blood Sampling Method to Minimize Sleep Disruption in Clinical Settings
06:39

Through-the-Wall Blood Sampling Method to Minimize Sleep Disruption in Clinical Settings

Published on: June 13, 2025

620
Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice
08:45

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Published on: January 25, 2016

25.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Diagnostic Accuracy

Background:

  • Central disorders of hypersomnolence, including narcolepsy type 1 (NT1), narcolepsy type 2 (NT2), and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), present diagnostic challenges.
  • Accurate differentiation is crucial for appropriate treatment and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the reliability of nocturnal sleep dynamics in distinguishing NT1 from other central disorders of hypersomnolence.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of polysomnographic (PSG) parameters for identifying NT1.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 175 patients diagnosed with NT1, NT2, IH, or subjective hypersomnolence (sHS).
  • Utilized 48-hour continuous PSG recordings to analyze sleep macrostructure, sleep onset rapid eye movement periods (SOREMPs), sleep stages, and stage transitions.
  • Employed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the diagnostic accuracy of PSG findings for NT1 identification.

Main Results:

  • Sleep macrostructure remained stable across two consecutive nights for all diagnostic groups.
  • NT1 and NT2 patients exhibited shorter latency to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep compared to other groups.
  • NT1 patients demonstrated significantly more awakenings, sleep stage transitions, increased time in N1 sleep, and a higher number of SOREMPs during both nocturnal PSG and daytime Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT).
  • ROC analysis confirmed that nocturnal SOREMP, percentage of total sleep time in N1, and wakefulness-sleep transition index effectively identified NT1, with combined parameters achieving high diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.903).
  • SOREMP counts from continuous daytime PSG and MSLT also showed high diagnostic utility for NT1.

Conclusions:

  • Nocturnal sleep dynamics, specifically SOREMP occurrence and N1 sleep timing, along with stage transitions, reliably identify hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy type 1.
  • These PSG-derived metrics offer valuable insights for the differential diagnosis of central disorders of hypersomnolence, particularly in distinguishing NT1.