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Class III antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of medications that can prolong action potentials in the heart. They achieve this by blocking potassium channels or enhancing inward currents from sodium channels. However, these drugs have a unique property of "reverse use-dependence," which is most pronounced at slower heart rates and can lead to torsades de pointes—a specific type of arrhythmia. However, it is essential to note that excessive QT interval prolongation—a measure of...
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Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat various types of arrhythmias or irregular heart rhythms. These drugs block the sodium (Na+) channels in the cardiac cells, thereby affecting the movement of electrical impulses across the heart. Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are divided into three subgroups: Class IA, Class IB, and Class IC, each with distinct mechanisms of action and effects on the heart.
Class 1A Antiarrhythmic Drugs: These drugs work by moderately blocking sodium channels,...
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Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
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Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs, such as verapamil and diltiazem, block calcium channels. They primarily affect the heart, slowing the conduction in calcium-dependent tissues like the SA and AV nodes. These drugs manage reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and reduce ventricular rate in atrial flutter/fibrillation.
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Direct Intrabronchial Administration to Improve the Selective Agent Deposition Within the Mouse Lung
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Diffuse alveolar damage in a patient receiving dronedarone.

Shobha Stack1, Dan-Vinh Nguyen2, Amanda Casto1

  • 1Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

Chest
|April 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dronedarone, an antiarrhythmic drug, may cause interstitial lung disease. Monitoring lung function is recommended for patients taking dronedarone.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Dronedarone is an antiarrhythmic agent structurally similar to amiodarone.
  • It was developed with a modified structure to reduce amiodarone's toxicity, particularly pulmonary and thyroid adverse effects.
  • While animal studies suggested potential lung injury, human trials had not confirmed this association.

Observation:

  • A 68-year-old woman experienced a dry cough and worsening respiratory distress after six months of dronedarone treatment.
  • Her symptoms significantly improved upon discontinuation of dronedarone and initiation of steroid therapy.

Findings:

  • This case suggests a potential association between dronedarone and interstitial lung disease.
  • The patient's clinical presentation and response to treatment support this hypothesis.

Implications:

  • Healthcare providers should consider dronedarone-induced interstitial lung disease in patients presenting with respiratory symptoms.
  • Pulmonary function monitoring, including diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide and lung volumes, is advisable before and during dronedarone therapy.