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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

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Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Dysrhythmias I: Introduction01:15

Dysrhythmias I: Introduction

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Dysrhythmias refers to abnormalities in the heart's rhythm. They result from disruptions in the heart's electrical conduction system, which includes the sinoatrial(SA)node, atrioventricular(AV) node, the bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.Definition and PathophysiologyDysrhythmias result from disorders of impulse formation, impulse conduction, or both. The heart contains specialized cells in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers...
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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in the Rabbit Model
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Outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias: An update.

Bruce B Lerman1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical Center, New York, NY.

Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine
|April 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The molecular cause of common outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias remains unknown, unlike other previously "idiopathic" heart rhythm disorders. Understanding these arrhythmias is crucial as they can lead to serious cardiac events.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Many previously "idiopathic" ventricular tachyarrhythmias now have identified molecular causes, including channelopathies like Long QT syndrome, Short QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.
  • However, the underlying molecular basis for the most common form of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmia, originating from the ventricular outflow tracts, remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the molecular etiology and clinical implications of outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias.
  • To highlight the significance of these arrhythmias, which were once considered benign but are now recognized to potentially trigger life-threatening events.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

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  • Analysis of genetic and molecular findings related to idiopathic arrhythmias.
  • Examination of clinical outcomes associated with outflow tract arrhythmias.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant progress has been made in elucidating the genetic underpinnings of various ventricular tachyarrhythmias over the past two decades.
    • The molecular basis for outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias is still elusive, despite their prevalence.
    • Outflow tract arrhythmias are increasingly recognized as a potential cause of sudden cardiac death, polymorphic VT, and cardiomyopathy.

    Conclusions:

    • While many "idiopathic" ventricular arrhythmias are now explained by genetic mutations, outflow tract variants remain a significant diagnostic challenge.
    • Further research into the molecular mechanisms of outflow tract arrhythmias is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management.
    • The clinical significance of outflow tract arrhythmias is underestimated, necessitating a re-evaluation of their potential to cause severe cardiac events.