Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management01:25

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management

1.5K
Pharmacologic intervention is crucial in treating cardiac arrest patients during ACLS or Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. The ACLS algorithms guide the administration of specific drugs based on the patient's cardiac arrest rhythm, which includes pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), asystole, and pulseless electrical activity (PEA).EpinephrineIndication: Epinephrine is the first-line drug for all cardiac arrest rhythms.Mechanism of Action: Epinephrine...
1.5K
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

1.7K
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
1.7K
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

2.4K
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
2.4K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

1.2K
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
1.2K
Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

2.3K
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
2.3K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

2.4K
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Opening the operating theatre to oncology: treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer with peritoneal metastasis by simultaneous hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy and intraoperative electron beam radiotherapy.

Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England·2025
Same author

A national survey of the provision of prehabilitation for oesophagogastric cancer patients in the UK.

Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England·2024
Same author

Do variations in nasal irrigation recipes and storage effect the risk of bacterial contamination? - ERRATUM.

The Journal of laryngology and otology·2023
Same author

Are NIRS-derived cerebral autoregulation and ABPopt values different between hemispheres in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury patients following cardiac arrest?

Journal of clinical monitoring and computing·2023
Same author

Do variations in nasal irrigation recipes and storage effect the risk of bacterial contamination?

The Journal of laryngology and otology·2022
Same author

Abstracts of presentations to the Annual Meetings of the Canadian Association of General Surgeons Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons Canadian Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Society Canadian Society of Surgical Oncology Canadian Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons: Victoria, BC Sept. 10-13, 2009.

Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie·2022
Same journal

Effect of immunotherapy on seizure severity and spike-wave index in epileptic encephalopathy with spike-wave activation in sleep: The value of EEG spikes in monitoring treatment response.

Epilepsy research·2026
Same journal

Genetic heterogeneity, movement disorders, and white matter abnormalities in pediatric developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: A retrospective cohort study from a National Neurodegenerative and Leukodystrophy Registry.

Epilepsy research·2026
Same journal

Comment on "Predictors of surgical outcome in frontal lobe epilepsy: Experience from a single-center cohort in Latin America".

Epilepsy research·2026
Same journal

Response to: "A critical appraisal of principal component analysis of antiseizure medication-induced hostility/aggression and factor analysis of levetiracetam".

Epilepsy research·2026
Same journal

Access to inpatient video-EEG monitoring for patients with frequent seizure-related emergency visits.

Epilepsy research·2026
Same journal

Effect of the ketogenic diet on absence seizures in rats with genetic absence epilepsy.

Epilepsy research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression
04:29

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression

Published on: January 7, 2019

30.0K

VNS for refractory status epilepticus.

F A Zeiler1, K J Zeiler2, J Teitelbaum2

  • 1Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Section of Neurocritical Care, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill, Montreal, Canada.

Epilepsy Research
|April 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vagal nerve stimulators (VNS) show promise for generalized refractory status epilepticus (RSE), with 76% of patients experiencing seizure cessation. However, evidence for focal RSE is insufficient, and further research is needed.

Keywords:
Refractory status epilepticusStatus epilepticusVNSVagal nerve stimulation

More Related Videos

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System
08:43

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Published on: July 21, 2015

26.5K
Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
05:54

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

Published on: June 13, 2016

18.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression
04:29

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression

Published on: January 7, 2019

30.0K
Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System
08:43

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Published on: July 21, 2015

26.5K
Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
05:54

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

Published on: June 13, 2016

18.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) presents a significant clinical challenge.
  • Vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) insertion is an emerging therapeutic option for RSE.
  • Systematic review of existing literature is crucial to evaluate VNS efficacy in RSE.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the literature on vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) insertion for refractory status epilepticus (RSE).
  • To assess the impact of VNS on controlling RSE.
  • To evaluate the strength of evidence for VNS in RSE management.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search across multiple databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, etc.) and clinical trial registries up to June 2014.
  • Inclusion of published articles, meeting abstracts, and gray literature.
  • Evidence strength adjudicated using Oxford and GRADE methodologies by two independent reviewers.

Main Results:

  • Seventeen studies (7 manuscripts, 10 abstracts) involving 28 patients were identified.
  • VNS insertion led to cessation of RSE in 76% of patients with generalized RSE.
  • Response rates for focal RSE were lower (25%), with few reported adverse effects.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence does not support a general recommendation for VNS in RSE.
  • Limited evidence (Oxford level 4, GRADE D) suggests potential benefit in generalized RSE.
  • Further prospective studies are required to establish the utility of VNS in both generalized and focal RSE.