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Gene Conversion

Gene Conversion

Gene Conversion

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Transcription

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...

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Transcription

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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Transient Gene Expression in Tobacco using Gibson Assembly and the Gene Gun

Transient Gene Expression in Tobacco using Gibson Assembly and the Gene Gun

Published on: April 18, 2014

Does every transcript originate from a gene?

Carsten A Raabe¹, Jürgen Brosius

¹Institute of Experimental Pathology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

|April 8, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The majority of RNA transcripts may not have immediate functions but serve as raw material for future gene evolution. This challenges traditional gene definitions and highlights the dynamic nature of the genome.

Keywords:

coding definition evolutionary raw material exaptation genomic plasticity stochastic transcription

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Last Updated: Apr 15, 2026

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Area of Science:

Genomics
Molecular Biology
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Traditional gene definitions focused on protein-coding regions and known structural RNAs.
The discovery of introns and advanced transcription analysis techniques revealed extensive genome-wide transcription.
Previous understanding considered intergenic regions non-functional and transcriptionally silent.

Purpose of the Study:

To re-evaluate gene definitions in light of new genomic data.
To investigate the functional significance of the vast number of newly discovered RNA transcripts.
To explore evolutionary perspectives on non-protein-coding RNA transcription.

Main Methods:

Genome-wide transcription analysis using tiling microarrays and RNA deep sequencing.
Examination of evolutionary considerations related to RNA transcripts.
Comparative analysis of transcript persistence and potential for exaptation.

Main Results:

Sensitive techniques revealed that nearly entire eukaryotic genomes are transcribed.
A vast complexity of non-protein-coding RNA transcription has been identified.
The majority of these transcripts may not be functional in their current form.

Conclusions:

Novel gene definitions are required to encompass the complexity of non-protein-coding RNAs.
Most identified transcripts likely represent evolutionary raw material for future gene exaptation.
This challenges the notion of widespread immediate function for all transcribed genomic regions.