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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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A case report on allergic rash caused by icodextrin.

Şimal Köksal Cevher1, Nihal Ozkayar1, Fatih Dede1

  • 1Nephrology Department, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.

Case Reports in Nephrology and Dialysis
|April 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Icodextrin is a safe peritoneal dialysis fluid alternative, but can cause allergic skin rashes. Early recognition and discontinuation of icodextrin can lead to prompt resolution of these hypersensitivity reactions.

Keywords:
IcodextrinIcodextrin hypersensitivityPeritoneal dialysisSkin rash

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Icodextrin is an alternative osmotic agent for peritoneal dialysis, particularly useful in cases of ultrafiltration failure.
  • While generally safe and well-tolerated, icodextrin has been associated with hypersensitivity reactions, including cutaneous manifestations.

Observation:

  • The case report details a 23-year-old female patient who developed a skin rash after initiating icodextrin therapy.
  • The observed rash was characterized as erythematous, itchy, and maculopapular, appearing on the trunk and extremities.

Findings:

  • Allergic rashes associated with icodextrin typically manifest early in treatment.
  • These reactions are generally self-limited and resolve without long-term consequences upon cessation of icodextrin use.

Implications:

  • Clinicians managing patients on icodextrin for peritoneal dialysis should be vigilant for potential severe adverse cutaneous reactions.
  • Awareness of these potential side effects is crucial for timely diagnosis and management, ensuring patient safety and treatment adherence.