Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.

Personality Theory by Eysenck and Eysenck

Personality Theory by Eysenck and Eysenck

Hans and Sybil Eysenck developed a widely recognized theory of personality, which emphasizes the role of temperament and genetically based differences in shaping individual traits. Their theory posits that biological factors primarily determine personality and can be understood through two main dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.
In the extroversion/introversion dimension, highly extroverted people are sociable, outgoing, and easily connect with others. In contrast,...

Elements Crucial for Effective Psychotherapy

Elements Crucial for Effective Psychotherapy

Research has highlighted several critical factors that influence the effectiveness of psychotherapy, such as the therapeutic alliance, the therapist, and the client.
The Therapeutic Alliance
The therapeutic alliance refers to the relationship between the therapist and the client. The alliance strengthens when the therapist and the client engage in a nurturing, supportive, trusting, empathetic, and respectful relationship, improving therapeutic outcomes. Therapists must monitor this relationship...

Need for Self-Esteem

Need for Self-Esteem

The human need for self-esteem has long intrigued psychologists, leading to the development of several theories that explore its evolutionary and functional significance. Among the most influential are the sociometer, hierometer, and terror management theories. Each offers a unique perspective on why people strive for self-worth and how it shapes behavior and social interaction.Sociometer TheoryAccording to sociometer theory, self-esteem functions as an internal gauge of social acceptance. It...

Self-Esteem

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem, a core aspect of psychological well-being, reflects an individual's positive and negative self-evaluation in terms of worth, competence, and overall value. It is both a stable trait and a dynamic process, influenced by experiences and social interactions across the lifespan. While global self-esteem offers a general assessment, research highlights that self-esteem is multidimensional and varies across specific life domains.Domain-Specific Self-EsteemResearchers have delineated...

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

[Flemish guideline for the prevention and use of seclusion and restraint].

Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie·2021

Same author

[Vision on and use of physical restraints and 'smart technology' in nursing homes in Flanders].

Tijdschrift voor gerontologie en geriatrie·2017

Same author

The determinants of informal caregivers' burden in the care of frail older persons: a dynamic and role-related perspective.

Aging & mental health·2016

Same author

Discrimination in the workplace, reported by people with major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study in 35 countries.

BMJ open·2016

Same author

[Nighttime restlessness in people with dementia in residential care: an explorative field study].

Tijdschrift voor gerontologie en geriatrie·2016

Same author

[Risk factors and protective factors relating to suicide in the Netherlands and Flanders].

Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie·2016

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling

Published on: January 17, 2025

Psychometric Properties of the Psychotherapy Expectancy Inventory-Revised (PEI-R).

K Bleyen, H Vertommen, G Vander Steene

Psychotherapy Research : Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research

|April 8, 2015

Summary

The Psychotherapy Expectancy Inventory-Revised (PEI-R) was validated, confirming its four-factor structure for measuring client expectations in therapy. Further analysis suggests a potential fifth factor, warranting additional research.

More Related Videos

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling

Published on: January 17, 2025

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Problem-Solving Before Instruction PS-I: A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities

Published on: September 11, 2021

Area of Science:

Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Psychotherapy Research

Background:

The Psychotherapy Expectancy Inventory-Revised (PEI-R) measures client behavioral expectations in counseling.
Previous research identified four factors: approval, advice, audience, and relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the internal construct validity of the PEI-R.
To confirm the four-factor structure using confirmatory factor analysis.

Main Methods:

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on data from 159 clients.
The study analyzed the internal construct validity of the PEI-R.

Main Results:

The four-dimensional oblique model demonstrated adequate fit.
A detailed inspection of the model fit indicated the potential existence of a fifth factor.
Reliability data and demographic relationships were also assessed.

Conclusions:

The PEI-R's four-factor structure is supported by the current data.
The possibility of a fifth factor requires further investigation.
The study provides reliability and demographic data for the PEI-R.