Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

RNA Editing

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Author Correction: Structural basis for translational control by the human 48S initiation complex.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2026

Same author

High-Fidelity and Cost-Effective Engineering of SARS-CoV-2.

Viruses·2025

Same author

NAC controls nascent chain fate through tunnel sensing and chaperone action.

Nature·2025

Same author

Type I-Fv and engineered type IV-A1 CRISPR-Cas effectors facilitate genome reduction in Escherichia coli.

Nucleic acids research·2025

Same author

Selective silencing of antibiotic-tethered ribosomes as a resistance mechanism against aminoglycosides.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Mechanisms and Determinants of -1 Ribosome Frameshifting and Bypassing.

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

Changed in translation: mRNA recoding by -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting.

Neva Caliskan¹, Frank Peske¹, Marina V Rodnina¹

¹Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences

|April 9, 2015

Summary

Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1PRF) allows viruses and bacteria to expand genomic information. Recent studies reveal -1PRF

Keywords:

decoding gene expression mRNA reading frame maintenance protein synthesis ribosome translation

More Related Videos

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Published on: July 8, 2019

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

Published on: March 16, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 15, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

Published on: July 8, 2019

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

Published on: March 16, 2022

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biophysics

Background:

Programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1PRF) is a key mRNA recoding mechanism.
Viruses and bacteria use -1PRF to enhance genomic information content.
Emerging evidence links -1PRF to mRNA quality control and DNA stability in eukaryotes.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying -1PRF.
To explore the newly identified cellular roles of -1PRF in eukaryotes.
To understand how cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors modulate -1PRF efficiency.

Main Methods:

Biophysical experiments to observe ribosome dynamics during frameshifting.
Analysis of mRNA sequences and secondary structures.
Investigation of cis- and trans-acting factors influencing frameshifting efficiency.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that ribosome stalling on slippery mRNA sequences, due to downstream structures, induces -1PRF.
Identified that the efficiency of -1PRF is regulated by mRNA elements and cellular factors.
Revealed novel roles for -1PRF in eukaryotic mRNA and DNA stability.

Conclusions:

-1PRF is a versatile mechanism with roles beyond viral and bacterial genome expansion.
The ribosome's response to mRNA roadblocks is central to -1PRF.
-1PRF plays significant roles in eukaryotic cellular processes, including quality control and genome stability.