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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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[Molecular pathogenesis of thyroid tumors].

Vera Tiedje1, Denise Zwanziger1, Saskia Ting2

  • 1Klinik für Endokrinologie und Stoffwechselerkrankungen, Universitätsklinikum Essen.

Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|April 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid cancer pathogenesis involves activated tyrosine kinases, driving tumor growth through MAPK, PI3K, and RET pathways. Understanding these molecular drivers aids targeted therapy development.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Context:

  • Thyroid tumors exhibit complex molecular alterations.
  • Intracellular tyrosine kinase activation is a key feature.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose:

  • To review the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid tumors.
  • To highlight the role of specific signaling pathways (MAPK, PI3K, RET).
  • To discuss the implications for targeted therapy.

Summary:

  • Follicular-cell-derived tumors are driven by MAPK and PI3K pathway activation via mutations/rearrangements.
  • Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers show accumulated genetic alterations.
  • Medullary thyroid cancer arises from constitutive RET kinase activation.

Impact:

  • Advances in understanding molecular pathogenesis have enabled targeted therapies.
  • Identifying molecular response markers for tyrosine kinase inhibitors is a critical next step.
  • This knowledge facilitates personalized treatment strategies for thyroid cancer patients.