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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Isolation Method for Long-Term and Short-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells
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Dynamic stem cell heterogeneity.

Teresa Krieger1, Benjamin D Simons2

  • 1The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, J. J. Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|April 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adult stem cells in tissues like the intestine and hair follicles are maintained by stochastic processes. Neighboring stem cells duplicate to replace those lost through differentiation, ensuring tissue regeneration and clonal diversity.

Keywords:
Adult stem cellGene heterogeneityGerm lineIntestineLineage tracingTissue homeostasis

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Tissue regeneration
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Adult stem cells are crucial for tissue maintenance and regeneration.
  • Stochasticity plays a significant role in stem cell dynamics.
  • Previous studies highlighted stem cell loss and compensatory duplication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of dynamic heterogeneity in regulating adult stem cell populations.
  • To explore the cellular basis of stem cell loss and replacement.
  • To focus on mammalian spermatogenesis, intestinal maintenance, and the hair cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Inducible genetic lineage-tracing studies.
  • Long-term lineage-tracing assays.
  • Short-term in vivo live imaging.

Main Results:

  • Stem cell loss through differentiation is common.
  • Neighboring stem cells duplicate to compensate for loss.
  • This process consolidates clonal diversity.
  • Dynamic heterogeneity is key to stem cell regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Stochasticity is fundamental to adult stem cell maintenance and regeneration.
  • Understanding dynamic heterogeneity informs tissue repair and disease research.
  • The reviewed models provide insights into fundamental biological processes.