Hypertension and associated cardiovascular abnormalities induced by chronic barium feeding

Because high barium concentrations (2-10 ppm) in human drinking water have been reported to be associated with elevated cardiovascular mortality, hypertension and other cardiovascular effects were sought in rats chronically exposed for 1-16 mo to drinking water containing 1, 10, or 100 ppm barium. From weaning, female Long-Evans rats were kept in a "low contamination" environment and fed a diet low in trace metals. Their drinking water was deionized, fortified with 5 essential trace metals, and either 0, 1, 10, or 100 ppm barium was added. Indirect systolic pressure of unanesthetized rats was measured in triplicate at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mo. Average systolic pressure increased significantly after exposure to 100 ppm barium for 1 mo or longer and after exposure to 10 ppm barium for 8 mo or longer. After 4 or 16 mo, barium exposure failed to alter organ weights or tissue concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, or potassium; however, both 10 and 100 ppm barium resulted in significant increases in tissue barium. Rats exposed to 100 ppm Ba for 16 mo exhibited depressed rates of cardiac contraction and depressed electrical excitability in the heart. Hearts from these maximally exposed rats also had significantly lower ATP content and phosphorylation potential, as measured by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Although the barium-induced increase in the blood pressure of rats was modest, comparable mild hypertension in humans would have major health implications.