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Related Concept Videos

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
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Sustained decrease in laboratory detection of rotavirus after implementation of routine vaccination—United States,

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    Rotavirus vaccine introduction significantly reduced childhood rotavirus infections in the US. Post-vaccine, a biennial pattern emerged, altering disease seasonality and circulation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pediatrics
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Vaccinology

    Background:

    • Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children globally.
    • Pre-vaccine (2006), rotavirus caused substantial U.S. childhood morbidity, including 55-70K hospitalizations annually.
    • Disease exhibited winter-spring seasonality and a West-to-Northeast geographic progression.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the impact of rotavirus vaccination on disease trends and seasonality in the U.S.
    • To analyze changes in rotavirus epidemiology post-vaccine introduction.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparison of rotavirus detection data from CDC's National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS).
    • Analysis of prevaccine (2000-2006) and postvaccine (2007-2014) surveillance periods.

    Main Results:

    • Significant national declines in rotavirus detection (57.8%-89.9%) observed in post-vaccine years compared to prevaccine years.
    • Emergence of a biennial pattern in rotavirus activity post-vaccination.
    • Post-vaccine years alternated between low activity/erratic seasonality and moderately increased activity/prevaccine-like seasonality.

    Conclusions:

    • Rotavirus vaccine has a substantial and sustained effect on reducing rotavirus circulation in U.S. children.
    • Vaccination has significantly altered the epidemiology of rotavirus disease.
    • The vaccine has successfully changed disease trends and seasonality patterns.