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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
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Incidental learning during rapid information processing on the symbol-digit modalities test.

Douglas R Denney1, Abbey J Hughes2, Jacquelyn K Elliott2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA denney@ku.edu.

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists
|April 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients show slower processing speed and incidental learning on computerized tests. This suggests MS imposes a greater attentional burden during rapid information processing tasks.

Keywords:
AttentionCognitive impairmentCognitive loadImplicit memoryInformation processing speedMultiple sclerosisNeuropsychological test

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • The Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a standard measure for processing speed in Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
  • Assessing cognitive function in MS requires reliable and sensitive tools to detect subtle deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a computerized version of the SDMT (c-SDMT) with integrated incidental learning assessment (c-ILT).
  • To compare processing speed and incidental learning between MS patients and healthy controls using the new computerized tests.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a computerized Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (c-SDMT) with subinterval scoring.
  • Incorporated an incidental learning test (c-ILT) within the c-SDMT protocol.
  • Administered c-SDMT and c-ILT to 65 MS patients and 38 healthy controls.

Main Results:

  • MS patients scored significantly lower than controls on both c-SDMT and c-ILT.
  • Performance scores on c-SDMT and c-ILT were correlated.
  • No improvement in item completion rate was observed over time for either group, with consistent performance differences across subintervals.

Conclusions:

  • MS patients exhibit deficits in both processing speed and incidental learning compared to healthy controls.
  • The findings suggest that the observed differences are not due to learning effects during the test but rather an increased attentional burden in MS patients.
  • The computerized SDMT and ILT provide a sensitive measure of cognitive processing challenges in MS.