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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

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Establishing pluripotency in early development.

Sarita S Paranjpe1, Gert Jan C Veenstra1

  • 1Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|April 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early embryonic development relies on dynamic changes in DNA methylation and transcription factors to establish pluripotency. These processes are crucial for initiating gene expression and forming the embryo.

Keywords:
ChromatinEmbryoMethylationPluripotencyZygotic genome activation

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Embryonic development initiates with critical chromatin and transcription factor network alterations.
  • Pluripotent cells, essential for embryo formation, arise from these dynamic transitions.
  • Factors like DNA methylation, histone modifications, and maternal factors orchestrate early developmental changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding chromatin states during vertebrate embryonic development.
  • To explore the regulation of gene expression in early embryos, focusing on pluripotency establishment.
  • To highlight how early embryonic dynamics shape gene regulatory networks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on embryonic development in vertebrates (mouse, Xenopus, zebrafish).
  • Analysis of studies focusing on mouse embryonic stem cells.
  • Examination of research on chromatin state and gene expression regulation.

Main Results:

  • Early embryonic development involves dynamic interplay of epigenetic modifications and transcription factors.
  • These molecular dynamics are intrinsically linked to the activation of zygotic transcription.
  • Established gene regulatory networks and pluripotency states are a direct outcome of these early embryonic processes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding chromatin dynamics and transcription factor networks is key to deciphering early embryonic development.
  • Epigenetic regulation plays a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining pluripotency.
  • Research in model organisms like mouse, Xenopus, and zebrafish provides crucial insights into conserved developmental mechanisms.