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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

Pupil dilation using drops vs gel: a comparative study.

E Moisseiev¹, D Loberman¹, E Zunz¹

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

Eye (London, England)

|April 11, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mydriatic gel provides superior pupil dilation and less discomfort compared to eye drops. This formulation is particularly effective in diabetic patients, offering improved mydriatic efficacy.

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Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs

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Published on: July 23, 2016

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Pharmacology

Background:

Mydriatic agents are crucial for ophthalmic examinations.
Topical mydriatic formulations include drops and gels.
Patient comfort and efficacy are key considerations for mydriatic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the efficacy of mydriatic gel versus drops in pupil dilation.
To assess patient-reported discomfort associated with mydriatic gel and drops.
To investigate the efficacy in diabetic patients.

Main Methods:

A comparative study involving 60 patients.
One eye received mydriatic drops (tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 10%).
The contralateral eye received mydriatic gel (tropicamide 0.5%+phenylephrine 5%).
Pupil size was measured using a Colvard pupillometer.
Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS).

Main Results:

Mydriatic gel resulted in significantly greater pupil dilation compared to drops (P=0.01).
The gel formulation was associated with significantly lower pain scores (P=0.003).
In diabetic patients, the gel achieved even greater pupil dilation than drops (P=0.019).

Conclusions:

Mydriatic gel offers superior pupil dilation efficacy and improved patient comfort over traditional drops.
The gel formulation demonstrates enhanced mydriatic effect, even with a lower phenylephrine concentration.
This study highlights the potential of mydriatic gel for improved outcomes, especially in diabetic patients.