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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Self-templated chemically stable hollow spherical covalent organic framework.

Sharath Kandambeth1, V Venkatesh2, Digambar B Shinde3

  • 11] Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India [2] Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110 025, India.

Nature Communications
|April 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized hollow spherical covalent organic frameworks (COFs) using a novel template-free method. An inside-out Ostwald ripening mechanism drives their formation, creating highly porous and stable materials for applications like enzyme immobilization.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous materials with significant application potential.
  • Understanding the formation mechanisms of COF crystallites is crucial but remains challenging.
  • Existing synthesis methods often require templates and lack mechanistic insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a single-step, template-free method for synthesizing hollow spherical COFs.
  • To elucidate the formation mechanism of these hollow COF spheres.
  • To evaluate the properties and potential applications of the synthesized COFs.

Main Methods:

  • A template-free, one-step synthesis approach was employed.
  • Time-dependent studies were conducted to observe hollow sphere formation.
  • Characterization of the COF structure, porosity, and stability was performed.
  • Enzyme immobilization studies were carried out using trypsin.

Main Results:

  • A novel hollow spherical COF with mesoporous walls was successfully synthesized in a single step.
  • The formation mechanism was identified as an inside-out Ostwald ripening process.
  • The resulting COF hollow spheres exhibit high porosity (∼1,500 m²/g), crystallinity, and chemical stability.
  • An impressive trypsin uptake of 15.5 μmol/g was achieved in immobilization studies.

Conclusions:

  • A facile and effective template-free method for producing COF hollow spheres has been established.
  • The Ostwald ripening mechanism provides critical insight into COF self-assembly.
  • These mesoporous COF hollow spheres demonstrate excellent potential for biomolecule immobilization and other applications.