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Related Concept Videos

Morphogenesis02:19

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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Introduction to the Integumentary System01:25

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The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest system in the human body and plays a crucial role in protecting and maintaining homeostasis. The integumentary system serves several functions including protection, regulation, sensation, and secretion.
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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Deciphering principles of morphogenesis from temporal and spatial patterns on the integument.

Ang Li1, Yung-Chih Lai1,2, Seth Figueroa3

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists
|April 11, 2015
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Summary

Understanding how skin patterns form involves localized cellular activities and stem cell regulation. These principles of self-assembly can guide regenerative medicine and tissue engineering for wound healing.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Pattern formation in development and regeneration is a fundamental biological question.
  • The integument, featuring structures like feathers and hairs, exhibits periodic spatial and temporal patterning.
  • Variations in integument patterns occur regionally and across physiological stages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying integument pattern formation.
  • To explore the regulation of stem cells in cyclic renewal and tissue regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of integument patterns.
  • In vivo skin imaging.
  • Lineage tracing studies.

Main Results:

  • Localized cellular activities (proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, rearrangement) shape organ primordia.
  • Combinatorial arrangements of these activity zones create complex organ forms.
  • Stem cell regulation involves a competitive equilibrium between activators and inhibitors, leading to cyclic quiescence and activation.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell behavior in regeneration is influenced by niche interactions and broader environmental factors.
  • Genomic approaches may uncover how positional information for cellular activity is encoded.
  • Integumentary organ models offer principles applicable to regenerative wound healing and tissue engineering.