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Related Concept Videos

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Interprofessional care for coronary artery disease includes pharmacological therapy and revascularization procedures.Pharmacological therapy for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) aims to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve patient outcomes through various classes of medications:Antiplatelet Agents:Aspirin and Clopidogrel: These medications inhibit platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots, which is crucial for avoiding heart attacks and strokes. Doctors often prescribe these...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
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Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Standardized Rat Coronary Ring Preparation and Real-Time Recording of Dynamic Tension Changes Along Vessel Diameter
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Advances in coronary physiology.

Sukhjinder S Nijjer1, Sayan Sen, Ricardo Petraco

  • 1International Centre of Circulatory Health, Imperial College London.

Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society
|April 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) assess coronary artery stenosis. New technologies and research are advancing coronary physiology assessment in the cath lab.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular medicine
  • Interventional cardiology
  • Physiological assessment

Background:

  • Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a key pressure-wire technology for assessing coronary stenosis significance.
  • Renewed interest in coronary physiology is driven by updated guidelines, clinical research, and technological advancements.
  • Current assessment paradigms in the catheterization laboratory are evolving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding and application of FFR, including hemodynamic influences and outcome data.
  • To introduce and discuss the instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR), a novel resting pressure-only index.
  • To explore future directions in coronary physiological assessment, such as physiological mapping and stenting effect prediction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on FFR and iFR.
  • Analysis of physiological concepts relating pressure and flow in coronary arteries.
  • Discussion of ongoing randomized controlled trials evaluating iFR.
  • Exploration of emerging technologies like iFR-Pullback.

Main Results:

  • FFR remains a cornerstone, but its interpretation requires consideration of hemodynamic changes.
  • iFR is a promising resting index under active international evaluation.
  • Evidence suggests a shift towards incorporating resting indices and advanced physiological mapping.

Conclusions:

  • Coronary physiology assessment is rapidly advancing with new technologies and a deeper understanding of pressure-flow dynamics.
  • iFR and other resting indices offer complementary or alternative approaches to FFR.
  • Future developments promise more comprehensive physiological assessment and predictive capabilities for interventions.