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Beyond liminality: orphanhood and marginalisation in Botswana.

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    The death of a parent is a rite of passage for children. In Botswana, some orphans navigate this transition successfully, while others face prolonged marginalization and struggle to find belonging.

    Keywords:
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    Area of Science:

    • Anthropology
    • Sociology
    • Psychology

    Background:

    • Parental death marks a significant life transition for children, often involving a three-stage rite of passage.
    • Many orphans in Botswana are excluded from parental funerals, rendering them structurally invisible.
    • This exclusion can disrupt the natural progression through the stages of grief and social re-aggregation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the coping strategies of orphans in Botswana.
    • To analyze how the concept of rite of passage applies to the experiences of these children.
    • To understand the factors contributing to resilience versus prolonged marginalization in orphans.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizes Arnold van Gennep's theory of rite of passage as a conceptual framework.
    • Examines the social and psychological experiences of orphans in Botswana.
    • Qualitative analysis of coping mechanisms and social integration.

    Main Results:

    • Some orphans successfully complete the rite of passage, demonstrating resilience and adapting to a new social status.
    • Other orphans experience prolonged liminality, failing to re-aggregate into social networks.
    • Marginalized orphans may seek belonging through alternative, sometimes socially unacceptable, relationships.

    Conclusions:

    • The rite of passage framework effectively illustrates the varied outcomes for orphans in Botswana.
    • Exclusion from funeral rituals significantly impacts an orphan's ability to transition and cope.
    • Interventions are needed to support orphans stuck in prolonged marginalization and facilitate their social re-aggregation.