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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus
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Reprogramming of human somatic cells by bacteria.

Naofumi Ito1, Kunimasa Ohta1

  • 1Division of Developmental Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.

Development, Growth & Differentiation
|April 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial infection can reprogram somatic cells, challenging the idea of irreversible cell fate. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) incorporation into human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells induced pluripotency and differentiation, offering new avenues in cell reprogramming research.

Keywords:
bacteriaeukaryotic cellsmultipotencyreprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Stem cell biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Historically, terminally differentiated somatic cells were considered irreversibly restricted in cell fate.
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and embryonic stem (ES) cells, while significant, faced limitations like low efficiency and inherent cell fate restrictions.
  • Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offered a breakthrough, overcoming some limitations of previous methods and enabling clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if bacterial infection can alter host cell fate, drawing parallels with the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells.
  • To explore the potential of bacterial incorporation in reprogramming somatic cells, building upon previous findings with lactic acid bacteria (LAB).

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) into human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells.
  • Analysis of pluripotent marker expression in LAB-incorporated HDF cells.
  • In vivo and in vitro differentiation assays of LAB-incorporated cell clusters.

Main Results:

  • LAB-incorporated HDF cells formed clusters and expressed key pluripotent markers.
  • These reprogrammed cell clusters demonstrated differentiation potential into all three germinal layers.
  • Successful reprogramming of host HDF cells by LAB was confirmed through in vivo and in vitro studies.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial infection, specifically with LAB, can induce cellular reprogramming in somatic cells.
  • This reprogramming challenges the long-held belief of irreversible cell fate restriction.
  • Further exploration of bacterial-mediated nuclear reprogramming mechanisms is warranted for potential therapeutic applications.