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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Related Experiment Video

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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
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Gamma delta T-cell differentiation and effector function programming, TCR signal strength, when and how much?

Payam Zarin1, Edward L Y Chen1, Tracy S H In1

  • 1Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada.

Cellular Immunology
|April 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Gamma delta T-cells (γδ T-cells) can be beneficial or harmful based on immune cues. This review explores how T-cell receptor signals shape γδ T-cell development and function, influencing their subtypes and potential from progenitors.

Keywords:
Gamma delta T cellsLineage commitmentT cell developmentT cell receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Developmental Biology
  • T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathways
  • Innate and adaptive immune cell differentiation

Background:

  • Gamma delta T-cells (γδ T-cells) possess diverse functions, acting as immune system 'champions' or 'villains' based on context.
  • Understanding γδ T-cell effector subsets requires knowledge of their developmental pathways and lineage divergence from alpha beta T-cells (αβ T-cells).
  • The precise role of γδ T-cells in various physiological and pathological conditions remains an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of T-cell receptor (TCR) signals in determining the fate of αβ versus γδ T-cell lineages.
  • To discuss how TCR pathway molecular components influence the development of distinct functional γδ T-cell subsets.
  • To explore the temporal restrictions on the development of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing γδ T-cell subtypes and progenitor potential.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current knowledge on T-cell development and signaling.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing T-cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction.
  • Comparative discussion of developmental windows and progenitor potential in fetal versus adult hematopoiesis.

Main Results:

  • TCR signaling is a key determinant in the bifurcation of T-cell lineages into αβ and γδ T-cells.
  • Specific molecular components within the TCR pathway are implicated in shaping the functional specialization of γδ T-cell subsets.
  • Temporal windows significantly influence the generation of IL-17 producing γδ T-cells, with potential differences between fetal and adult progenitors.

Conclusions:

  • TCR signaling plays a pivotal role in directing γδ T-cell lineage commitment and functional programming.
  • The developmental trajectory of γδ T-cell subsets, including IL-17 producers, is modulated by both intrinsic signaling and extrinsic temporal factors.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the potential of fetal versus adult hematopoietic progenitors in generating specific γδ T-cell subsets.