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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction
09:35

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction

Published on: July 21, 2017

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Biological crystallography: new methods, new challenges.

Edward N Baker1

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, New Zealand.

Iucrj
|April 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Crystallography

Keywords:
IUCrJbiological crystallographyeditorialfree electron lasers

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Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Biophysics
  • Medical research

Background:

  • Crystallography is a powerful technique for determining the three-dimensional structure of molecules.
  • Understanding molecular structures is crucial for deciphering biological processes and developing new therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the expanding capabilities of crystallography in biological and medical research.
  • To discuss the implications of recent advancements for the field and its practitioners.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography
  • Cryo-electron microscopy
  • Computational modeling

Main Results:

  • Recent advances in crystallography are enhancing its application in understanding complex biological systems.
  • New techniques are broadening the scope of molecular structures that can be analyzed.
  • These developments present new challenges and opportunities for researchers in the field.

Conclusions:

  • Crystallography's role in advancing biological understanding and medical innovation is increasingly significant.
  • The field must adapt to new methodologies and address emerging questions to fully leverage its potential.