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Updated: Apr 15, 2026
Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
Published on: April 18, 2011
The interaction of cortico-spinal pathways and sacral sphincter reflexes in subjects with incomplete spinal cord
Natalia Vasquez1, Vernie Balasubramaniam, Anna Kuppuswamy
1The London Spinal Cord Injury Centre, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom.
Aims:
To reveal the effectiveness of corticospinal drive in facilitating the pudendal reflex in the anal sphincter muscle, as a surrogate marker for the urethral sphincter, in incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI).
Methods:
Three neurologically normal subjects and twenty-six subjects with incomplete, supra-sacral spinal cord injuries and symptoms of a neuropathic bladder were recruited. Incontinence was assessed using the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire (ICIQ). Electromyographic activity of the external anal sphincter was recorded. The pudendo-anal reflex (PAR) was elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal penile nerve (DPN). Motor cortical excitation was achieved using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Results:
Preliminary findings in normal and iSCI subjects showed facilitation of the PAR by prior TMS with an optimal interval of 20-40 msec. Of 23 iSCI subjects, 12 showed facilitation to TMS applied 30 msec before DPN stimulation. Eight of the 12, and a further five iSCI subjects, had an anal sphincter MEP in response to TMS alone. There was a weak tendency (r(2) = 0.22, P = 0.03) for those with higher ICIQ values to have larger PAR responses but no significant difference in ICIQ scores between those with (ICIQ = 4.9 ± 4.0 mean ± SD) and those without (ICIQ = 7.2 ± 4.7) cortical facilitation of the PAR.
Conclusions:
Cortical TMS was effective in facilitating the PAR in some iSCI subjects. The presence of cortical facilitation of the PAR was not related to the degree of urinary continence.
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