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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

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An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
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Solution-phase self-assembly of complementary halogen bonding polymers.

Alan Vanderkooy1, Mark S Taylor1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 14, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noncovalent halogen bonding drives macromolecular self-assembly in solution. Polymers with specific functional groups self-assemble into higher-order structures, forming defined cores in various solvents.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Polymer Science
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Noncovalent interactions are crucial for molecular self-assembly.
  • Halogen bonding, a specific noncovalent interaction, has potential in directing macromolecular assembly.
  • Controlled polymerization methods are needed to create functional polymers for self-assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate halogen bonding as a driving force for macromolecular self-assembly in solution.
  • To develop conditions for controlled radical polymerization of halogen bond donor monomers.
  • To characterize the self-assembled structures formed by interacting polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled radical polymerization to synthesize iodoperfluoroarene-bearing methacrylate polymers.
  • Spectroscopic methods (NMR) to study polymer interactions and association constants.
  • Microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to analyze self-assembled structures.

Main Results:

  • Identified conditions for controlled radical polymerization of the halogen bond donor monomer.
  • Observed enhanced association constants for polymer-polymer interactions compared to monomeric species.
  • Demonstrated the formation of higher-order self-assembled structures using block copolymers in organic solvents and water.
  • Characterized structures with cores formed by interacting halogen bond donor and acceptor segments.

Conclusions:

  • Noncovalent halogen bonding effectively drives solution-phase macromolecular self-assembly.
  • The designed polymers can form stable, higher-order structures through specific intermolecular interactions.
  • This approach offers a pathway for creating functional supramolecular materials in diverse environments.