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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Differences in Gut Microbiota Between Atopic and Healthy Children.

Tiina Drell1, Anneli Larionova, Tiia Voor

  • 1Institute of Microbiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.

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Summary

Gut microbiota composition in children is largely similar between atopic and healthy groups. However, lower levels of Akkermansia in atopic children suggest a potential role in IgE-mediated allergic diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Gut microbiota research in allergic diseases shows conflicting results.
  • Understanding the gut microbiome's role in atopy is crucial for developing targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in gut microbiota composition between atopic and healthy children at ages 5 and 12.
  • To identify specific bacterial taxa associated with atopic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 51 stool samples from 14 atopic and 15 healthy children.
  • High-throughput 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for microbial analysis.

Main Results:

  • Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Dialister were dominant in both atopic and healthy children.
  • Atopic children exhibited lower abundance and prevalence of Akkermansia compared to healthy children.

Conclusions:

  • Overall gut microbiota composition shows no significant differences between atopic and healthy children.
  • Reduced Akkermansia may be associated with or play a role in IgE-mediated atopic diseases.